NOT XOR

000 011 101 111

NOT A OR B AND C

OR 0 1 1 1

NAND 1 1 1 0

Adders and flip-flops

Half adder

  • The ALU in a CPU uses a half-adder logic circuit for performing the binary addition of two bits.

  • The input consists of two bits, A and B, and hence 2^2=4 input combinations are possible.

  • Two output bits are required to denote the sum and the carry.

  • The output Sum(S) is 1 when both inputs A and B have different values.

  • S is true under two conditions:

    • A is false and B is true
    • A is true and B is false
  • The Sum is an XOR operation between A and B.

  • The output carry is only 1 when A and B are also true

Full Adder

Expanding full adders

  • Full adders can be expanded to adders of any number of bits.
  • n full adders shall be combined to form an n-bit adder.

Combinational vs Sequential Circuits

Combinational circuit

  • The output is dependent on the combination of inputs.

Sequential Circuit

  • The output is not only dependent on the present state of input variables, but also on the past state of output variables.
  • To store the past state of input variables, we need a memory unit in the circuit.

Recall

  • Two bits in, 1 bit out and 1 carry out (half) - A AND B in S AND C out
  • Two bits in, 1 bit out and 1 carry out (full) - A AND B AND C in S AND C out
  1. AND
  2. NOR

SR Latch

  • The circuit diagram and truth table for an SR latch.

Sequential Circuits - Clock

  • For synchronous sequential circuits, we require a clock signal.
  • A clock is a type of sequential circuit that changes state at regular intervals.
  • A clock signal synchronises the components in sequential circuit. A positive-edge triggering clock signal is given below. The output responds to the changes in the input only at the positive edge of the clock pulse.

Falling Edge

  • Alternatively, a negative-edge triggering sequential circuit can also be designed.

D flip-flop

Requires the clock pulse.

  • The input and output waveforms of a positive-edge triggered D flip-flop are given.
  • The output Q follows the input D at the positive edges of the clock pulse.
  • Assume the value of Q is 0 initially.

D = Delay

JK Flip Flops

  • The input J acts as the set input and K acts as the reset input. When both J and K are equal to 1, the value of Q is switched.

Binary Logic